Functions¶
Sources¶
This lesson is partly based on the Software Carpentry group’s lessons on Programming with Python.
What is a function?¶
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that can make your scripts more effective, easier to read, and simple to manage. You can think functions as little self-contained programs that can perform a specific task that you can use repeatedly in your code. One of the basic principles in good programming is “do not to repeat yourself”. In other words, you should avoid having duplicate lines of code in your scripts. Functions are a good way to avoid such situations and they can save you a
lot of time and effort as you don’t need to tell the computer repeatedly what to do every time it does a common task, such as converting temperatures from Fahrenheit to Celsius. During the course we have already used some functions such as the print() command which is actually a built-in function in Python.
Anatomy of a function¶
Let’s consider the task from the first lesson when we converted temperatures from Celsius to Fahrenheit. Such an operation is a fairly common task when dealing with temperature data. Thus we might need to repeat such calculations quite frequently when analysing or comparing weather or climate data between the US and Europe, for example.
Our first function (aww…)¶
Let’s define our first function called celsius_to_fahr.
[1]:
def celsius_to_fahr(temp):
return 9/5 * temp + 32
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
The function definition opens with the keyword def followed by the name of the function and a list of parameter names in parentheses. The body of the function — the statements that are executed when it runs — is indented below the definition line.
When we call the function, the values we pass to it are assigned to the corresponding parameter variables so that we can use them inside the function (e.g., the variable temp in this function example). Inside the function, we use a return statement to define the value that should be given back when the function is used, or called.
Calling functions¶
Using our new function¶
Now let’s try using our function. Calling our self-defined function is no different from calling any other function such as print(). You need to call it with its name and send your value to the required parameter(s) inside the parentheses. Here, we can define a variable freezing_point that is the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit we get when using our function with the temperature 0°C (the temperature at which water freezes). We can then print that value to confirm. We should get a
temperature of 32°F.
[2]:
freezing_point = celsius_to_fahr(0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[3]:
print('The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is:', freezing_point)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-e22ac2c18b04> in <module>()
----> 1 print('The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is:', freezing_point)
NameError: name 'freezing_point' is not defined
We can do the same thing with the boiling point of water in degrees Celsius (100°C). Just like with other functions, we can use our new function directly within something like the print() function to print out the boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit.
[4]:
print('The boiling point of water in Fahrenheit is:', celsius_to_fahr(100))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-22f71223ce73> in <module>()
----> 1 print('The boiling point of water in Fahrenheit is:', celsius_to_fahr(100))
NameError: name 'celsius_to_fahr' is not defined
Let’s make another function¶
Now that we know how to create a function to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, let’s create another function called kelvins_to_celsius. We can define this just like we did with our celsius_to_fahr() function, noting that the Celsius temperature is just the temperature in Kelvins minus 273.15. Just to avoid confusion this time, let’s call the temperature variable used in the function temp_kelvins.
[5]:
def kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins):
return temp_kelvins - 273.15
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Using our second function¶
Let’s use it in the same way as the earlier one by defining a new variable absolute_zero that is the Celsius temperature of 0 Kelvins. Note that we can also use the variable name temp_kelvins when calling the function to explicitly state which variable values is being used. Again, let’s print the result to confirm everything works.
[6]:
absolute_zero = kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins=0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[7]:
print('Absolute zero in Celsius is:', absolute_zero)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-7-b7d20d3a4cb1> in <module>()
----> 1 print('Absolute zero in Celsius is:', absolute_zero)
NameError: name 'absolute_zero' is not defined
Check your understanding¶
Let’s see how things are going so far with functions. In the Python cell below, please:
- Create a new function called
hellowith 2 parameters- Parameter 1 should be called
nameand you should assign some text to this parameter this when using the function - Parameter 2 should be called
ageand you should provide a number value for this parameter when using the function
- Parameter 1 should be called
When using your function, the value that is returned should be a character string stating the name and age that were provided, which you can assign to a variable called output. Printing out output should produce something like the following:
print(output)
'Hello, my name is Dave. I am 39 years old.'
[8]:
def hello(name, age):
return 'Hello, my name is ' + name + '. I am ' + str(age) + ' years old.'
output = hello(name='Dave', age=39)
print(output)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Functions within a function (Yo dawg…)¶
What about converting Kelvins to Fahrenheit? We could write out a new formula for it, but we don’t need to. Instead, we can do the conversion using the two functions we have already created and calling those from the function we are now creating. Let’s create a new function kelvins_to_fahr that takes the temperature in Kelvins as the parameter value temp_kelvins and uses our kelvins_to_celsius and celsius_to_fahr functions within the new function to convert temperatures from
Kelvins to degrees Fahrenheit.
[9]:
def kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins):
temp_celsius = kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins)
temp_fahr = celsius_to_fahr(temp_celsius)
return temp_fahr
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Using our combined functions¶
Now let’s use the function.
[10]:
absolute_zero_fahr = kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins=0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[11]:
print('Absolute zero in Fahrenheit is:', absolute_zero_fahr)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-cb3ca554c36a> in <module>()
----> 1 print('Absolute zero in Fahrenheit is:', absolute_zero_fahr)
NameError: name 'absolute_zero_fahr' is not defined
An introduction to script files¶
Up to this point we have been keeping our Python code and Markdown comments in a single Jupyter notebook document. This is great, but there are some cases, like when you have long Python code blocks or a set of functions used in many notebooks, in which you may want to have Python code in a separate document to make sure your Jupyter notebook is easy to read (and use). An alternative to typing in all of the commands you would like to run is the list them in a Python script file. A Python
script file is simply a file containing a list of the commands you would like to run, normally with one command per line, and formatted in the same way as if you were to type them in. Python script files traditionally use the .py file extension in their names.
The general concept of a .py script file¶
A Python script file is simply a list of commands that you might otherwise type into a Python cell in a Jupyter notebook or a Python console. As such, we can quite easily create a basic script file and test things out.
Getting started¶
First, we need to create a new text file by clicking on File -> New -> Text File in the JupyterLab menu bar.
This will create a new tab in your JupyterLab window that should look something like that below, a blank slate.
Start by copying and pasting the text below into your new text file editor panel.
def celsius_to_fahr(temp_celsius):
return 9/5 * temp_celsius + 32
Saving a text file as a Python file¶
As it turns out, Python scripts are just regular text files with a certain file extension to identify them as source code for Python. In order for our new text file to be detected as a Python source file in JupyterLab we need to rename it to have a .py file extension. You can rename the file by right clicking on the tab titled “untitled.txt” and renaming it as “temp_converter.py”.
Note
Be sure you change the .txt file extension to .py.
If all goes well, you should now see the Python syntax is highlighted in different colors in the JupyterLab editor panel.
Note
Be sure to save your temp_converter.py file after making your changes.
We’ll return later to some best practices for writing script files, but for now let’s continue with how to use our functions saved in the Python file we just created.
Saving and loading functions¶
Functions such as the ones we just created can also be saved in a script file and called from Jupyter notebooks in JupyterLab. In fact, quite often it is useful to create a dedicated function library for functions that you use frequently, when doing data analysis, for example. Basically this is done by listing useful functions in a single .py file from which you can then import and use them whenever needed.
Saving functions in a script file¶
Basically, we’ve just seen how to save some functions to a script file. Let’s now add the other functions we had been using to our script. Simply copy and paste the text below into your temp_converter.py file leaving one blank line between each function.
def kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins):
return temp_kelvins - 273.15
def kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins):
temp_celsius = kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins)
temp_fahr = celsius_to_fahr(temp_celsius)
return temp_fahr
Don’t forget to save your changes!
Calling functions from a script file¶
Now that we have saved our temperature conversion functions into a script file we can start using them.
Making sure we’re in the right working directory¶
Hopefully you have saved you temp_converter.py file in the same location as this Jupyter notebook (functions.ipynb). If so, that’s good, but we need to do one more thing to be able to start working with it. We need to change the working directory in JupyterLab to be the one where the temp_converter.py exists.
First, we can check where we are working currently using an IPython magic command called %ls.
[12]:
%ls
functions.ipynb img/ modules.ipynb writing-scripts.ipynb
Your output from %ls probably looks different than that above, but don’t worry. %ls allows us to see the files located in the directory where we are currently working.
CSC notebooks users¶
Those using the CSC notebooks might see something like
exercises/ installations.sh* notebooks/ Untitled.ipynb
Changing the working directory¶
Hopefully you’ve seen some output from %ls like that above. Now we need to change into the directory where you’ve saved your temp_converter.py file.
Binder users¶
Those using Binder should type the following to change into the directory containing the temp_converter.py file.
%cd L4/
CSC notebooks users¶
Those using the CSC notebooks system should type the following to change into the directory containing the temp_converter.py file.
%cd notebooks/notebooks/L4/
If all has gone well you should now see temp_converter.py among the files when you type %ls in a Python cell. Try that out below.
[13]:
%ls
functions.ipynb img/ modules.ipynb writing-scripts.ipynb
Now we can continue.
Importing our script functions¶
Let’s now import our celsius_to_fahr() function from the other script by adding a specific import statement in the Python cell below: from temp_converter import celsius_to_fahr
[14]:
from temp_converter import celsius_to_fahr
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Using our script functions¶
Let’s also use the function so that we can see that it is working. We can print the temperature in Fahrenheit at which water freezes using our celsius_to_fahr() function in the cell below.
[15]:
print("The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is:", celsius_to_fahr(0))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-15-ca9792ed990a> in <module>()
----> 1 print("The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is:", celsius_to_fahr(0))
NameError: name 'celsius_to_fahr' is not defined
You should get following output:
The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is: 32.0
Importing multiple functions¶
It is also possible to import more functions at the same time by listing and separating them with a comma.
from my_script import func1, func2, func3
Importing all functions from a script¶
Sometimes it is useful to import the whole script and all of its functions at once. Let’s use a different import statement and test that all functions work. This time we can type import temp_converter as tc.
[16]:
import temp_converter as tc
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Just like the examples we have seen earlier with the math library, such as using math.sin(), we can now use our functions such as tc.celsius_to_fahr(). In the cells below, test our functions as they were used above by printing the freezing point of water in Fahrenheit, absolute zero in Celsius, and absolute zero in Fahrenheit.
[17]:
print("The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is:", tc.celsius_to_fahr(0))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-17-62116620c938> in <module>()
----> 1 print("The freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is:", tc.celsius_to_fahr(0))
NameError: name 'tc' is not defined
[18]:
print('Absolute zero in Celsius is:', tc.kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins=0))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-18-42729dea96c7> in <module>()
----> 1 print('Absolute zero in Celsius is:', tc.kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins=0))
NameError: name 'tc' is not defined
[19]:
print('Absolute zero in Fahrenheit is:', tc.kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins=0))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-19-93983708aaae> in <module>()
----> 1 print('Absolute zero in Fahrenheit is:', tc.kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins=0))
NameError: name 'tc' is not defined
Temperature calculator (optional, advanced topic)¶
So far our functions have had only one parameter, but it is also possible to define a function with multiple parameters. Let’s now make a simple temp_calculator function that accepts temperatures in Kelvins and returns either Celsius or Fahrenheit. The new function will have two parameters:
temp_k= The parameter for passing temperature in Kelvinconvert_to= The parameter that determines whether to output should be in Celsius or in Fahrenheit (using lettersCorFaccordingly)
Defining the function¶
Let’s start defining our function by giving it a name and setting the parameters.
def temp_calculator(temp_k, convert_to):
Adding some conditional statements¶
Next, we need to add conditional statements that check whether the output temperature is wanted in Celsius or Fahrenheit, and then call corresponding function that was imported from the temp_converter.py file.
def temp_calculator(temp_k, convert_to):
# Check if user wants the temperature in Celsius
if convert_to == "C":
# Convert the value to Celsius using the dedicated function for the task that we imported from another script
converted_temp = kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins=temp_k)
elif convert_to == "F":
# Convert the value to Fahrenheit using the dedicated function for the task that we imported from another script
converted_temp = kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins=temp_k)
Returning the result¶
Next, we need to add a return statement so that our function sends back the value that we are interested in.
def temp_calculator(temp_k, convert_to):
# Check if user wants the temperature in Celsius
if convert_to == "C":
# Convert the value to Celsius using the dedicated function for the task that we imported from another script
converted_temp = kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins=temp_k)
elif convert_to == "F":
# Convert the value to Fahrenheit using the dedicated function for the task that we imported from another script
converted_temp = kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins=temp_k)
# Return the result
return converted_temp
Adding a docstring¶
Lastly, as we want to be good programmers, we add a short docstring at the beginning of our function that tells what the function does and how the parameters work.
def temp_calculator(temp_k, convert_to):
"""
Function for converting temperature in Kelvins to Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Parameters
----------
temp_k: <numerical>
Temperature in Kelvins
convert_to: <str>
Target temperature that can be either Celsius ('C') or Fahrenheit ('F'). Supported values: 'C' | 'F'
Returns
-------
<float>
Converted temperature.
"""
# Check if user wants the temperature in Celsius
if convert_to == "C":
# Convert the value to Celsius using the dedicated function for the task that we imported from another script
converted_temp = kelvins_to_celsius(temp_kelvins=temp_k)
elif convert_to == "F":
# Convert the value to Fahrenheit using the dedicated function for the task that we imported from another script
converted_temp = kelvins_to_fahr(temp_kelvins=temp_k)
# Return the result
return converted_temp
Testing the new function¶
That’s it! Now we have a temperature calculator that has a simple control for the user where s/he can change the output by using the convert_to parameter. Now as we added the short docstring in the beginning of the function we can use the help() function in Python to find out how our function should be used. Run the Python cell below and then try running help(temp_calculator).
Attention
Reloading modules from within a Jupyter notebook is a bit of a pain. The easiest option is to restart the IPython kernel by going to Kernel -> Restart kernel…. Note that this will delete all variables currently stored in memory in the Jupyter notebook you’re using, so you may need to re-run some cells.
[20]:
import temp_converter as tc
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[21]:
help(tc.temp_calculator)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-21-e67aa7d52f55> in <module>()
----> 1 help(tc.temp_calculator)
NameError: name 'tc' is not defined
Using the tempCalculator¶
Let’s use it.
[22]:
temp_kelvin = 30
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[23]:
temperature_c = tc.temp_calculator(temp_k=temp_kelvin, convert_to="C")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[24]:
print("Temperature", temp_kelvin, "in Kelvins is", temperature_c, "in Celsius")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-24-b2f456da8737> in <module>()
----> 1 print("Temperature", temp_kelvin, "in Kelvins is", temperature_c, "in Celsius")
NameError: name 'temp_kelvin' is not defined