Conditional statements¶
Sources¶
This lesson is based on the Software Carpentry group’s lessons on Programming with Python and McKinney’s book (2017): Python for Data Analysis.
Basics of conditional statements¶
Conditional statements can change the code behaviour based on certain conditions. The idea is simple: IF a condition is met, THEN a set of actions is performed.
A simple conditional statement¶
Let’s look at a simple example with temperatures, and check if temperature 17 (celsius degrees) is hot or not:
[1]:
temperature = 17
if temperature > 25:
print('it is hot')
else:
print('it is not hot')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
What did we do here? First, we used the if and else statements to determine what parts of the code to execute.
What do these tests do? The if statement checks to see whether the variable value for temperature is greater than 25. If this condition is met, 'it is hot' would be written to the screen. Since 17 is smaller than 25, the code beneath else is executed. Code under the else statement will run whenever the if test is False.
Let’s look at another example from our daily lives ☔
As it turns out, we all use logic similar to if and else conditional statements daily. Imagine you’re getting ready to leave your home for the day and want to decide what to wear. You might look outside to check the weather conditions. If it is raining, you will wear a rain jacket. Otherwise, you will not. In Python we could say:
[2]:
weather = 'rain'
if weather == 'rain':
print('Wear a raincoat')
else:
print('No raincoat needed')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Note here that we use the == operator to test if a value is exactly equal to another.
Note the syntax
Similarly as with for-loops, Python uses colons (:) and whitespace (indentations; often four spaces) to structure conditional statements. If the condition is True, the indented code block after the colon (:) is executed. The code block may contain several lines of code, but they all must be indented identically:
weather = 'rain'
if weather == 'rain':
print('Wear a raincoat')
print('Wear rain boots')
print('Bring an umbrella')
else:
print('No rainwear needed')
You will receive an IndentationError, a SyntaxError, or unwated behavior if you haven’t indented the code correctly.
Try changing the indentation in the above examples and see what output or errors you get:
[ ]:
Comparison operators and boolean values¶
Comparison operators such as > and == compare the values on each side of the operator. Here is the full list of operators used for value comparisons in Python:
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| < | Less than |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
| == | Equal to |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| > | Greater than |
| != | Not equal to |
Comparison operations yield boolean values (True or False). In Python, the words True and False are reserved for these Boolean values, and can’t be used for anything else.
Let’s check the current value of the conditions we used in the previous examples:
[3]:
temperature > 25
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-3-9f039fc2a27a> in <module>()
----> 1 temperature > 25
NameError: name 'temperature' is not defined
[4]:
weather == 'Rain'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-4-c2ca136baff0> in <module>()
----> 1 weather == 'Rain'
NameError: name 'weather' is not defined
Makes sense, right? Conditional statements always check if the conditional expression is True or False. If True, the codeblock under the conditional statement gets executed.
if without else?
The combination of if and else is very common, but the else-statement is not strictly required.
temperature = 17
if temperature > 25:
print(temperature,'is greater than 25')
Python simply does nothing if the if-statement is False and there is no else-statement.
Try it out yourself:
[5]:
temperature = 17
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[6]:
if temperature > 25:
print(temperature,'is greater than 25')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Nothing is printed to the screen if temperature is smaller than 25.
if, elif and else¶
We can link several conditions together using the “else if” -statement elif. Python checks the elif and else statements only if previous conditions were False. You can have multiple elif statements to check for additional conditions.
Let’s create a chain of if elif and else -statements that are able to tell us if the temperature is above freezing, exactly at freezing point or below freezing:
[7]:
temperature = -3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[8]:
if temperature > 0:
print(temperature, 'is above freezing')
elif temperature == 0:
print(temperature, 'is freezing')
else:
print(temperature, 'is below freezing')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
Attention, poll pause!
Let’s assume that yesterday it was 14°C, it is 10°C outside today, and tomorrow it will be 13°C. The following code compares these temperatures and prints something to the screen based on the comparison.
yesterday = 14
today = 10
tomorrow = 13
if yesterday <= today:
print('A')
elif today != tomorrow:
print('B')
elif yesterday > tomorrow:
print('C')
elif today == today:
print('D')
Which of the letters A, B, C, and D would be printed to the screen? Select your answer from the poll options at https://geo-python.github.io/poll/.
Combining conditions¶
We can also use and and or to combine multiple conditions on boolean values.
| Keyword | example | Description |
|---|---|---|
| and | a and b | True if both a and b are True |
| or | a or b | True if either a or b is True |
[9]:
if (1 > 0) and (-1 > 0):
print('Both parts are true')
else:
print('At least one part is not true')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
[10]:
if (1 < 0) or (-1 < 0):
print('At least one test is true')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
How about two False values? Try out what happens if you connect two False expressions using the and keyword:
[ ]:
Note: later on we will also need the bitwise operators & for and, and | for or.
Let’s return to our example about making decisions on a rainy day ☔. Imagine that we consider not only the rain, but also whether or not it is windy. If it is windy or raining, we’ll just stay at home. If it’s not windy or raining, we can go out and enjoy the weather! Let’s try to solve this problem using Python:
[11]:
weather = 'rain'
wind = 'windy'
if (weather == 'rain') or (wind == 'windy'):
print('Just stay at home')
else:
print('Go out and enjoy the weather! :)')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module
As you can see, we better just stay home if it is windy or raining 😏. If you don’t agree, you can modify the conditions and print statements accordingly!
Combining for-loops and conditional statements¶
Finally, we can also combine for-loops and conditional statements. Let’s iterate over a list of temperatures, and check if the temperature is hot or not:
[12]:
temperatures = [0, 12, 17, 28, 30]
for temperature in temperatures:
if temperature > 25:
print(temperature, 'celsius degrees is hot')
else:
print(temperature, 'is not hot')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
/opt/python/3.8.0/lib/python3.8/codeop.py in __call__(self, source, filename, symbol)
131
132 def __call__(self, source, filename, symbol):
--> 133 codeob = compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags, 1)
134 for feature in _features:
135 if codeob.co_flags & feature.compiler_flag:
TypeError: required field "type_ignores" missing from Module